Boston’s organized-crime history does not stop at the Massachusetts border. For decades, an important center of power was in Providence, Rhode Island. Raymond L. S. Patriarca led the New England Mafia, an organization with cooperating Providence and Boston factions. Unlike the Winter Hill Gang, this was La Cosa Nostra—the Italian-American Mafia. Patriarca operated from a vending-machine business in Providence’s Federal Hill neighborhood, while underboss Gennaro “Jerry” Angiulo oversaw Boston operations. His influence made him a major investigative target, but gathering information and proving a criminal case were different challenges. In 1968, a federal jury convicted Patriarca in a case involving an interstate conspiracy to commit murder in furtherance of an unlawful gambling enterprise. The prosecution’s principal witness was Joseph Barboza, identified in the appellate opinion as Baron. Patriarca received a five-year federal prison sentence. The First Circuit affirmed the convictions on October 14, 1968. There is another important chapter: between March 1962 and July 1965, the FBI secretly monitored conversations in Patriarca’s business office. A later federal appeals opinion states that this surveillance violated the Fourth Amendment. Litigation over access to the resulting records became a significant dispute about government transparency and privacy. Patriarca died on July 11, 1984. His career connects Boston’s criminal history to a wider New England network—and reminds us why historical reporting must distinguish convictions, investigative allegations, and unlawful government conduct. A statement in an FBI memo is not automatically a proven fact. Discussion question: Did you know Boston and Providence had cooperating factions within the same Mafia organization?