For nearly two decades, critics on the political left have repeatedly portrayed President George W. Bush's War on Terrorism, tax reductions, Medicare modernization, and emergency financial stabilization measures as the principal explanations for America's expanding federal debt between 2001 and 2008. But when these accusations are subjected to the actual federal budget records, a considerably more complex fiscal reality emerges—one that cannot be reduced to politically convenient attacks against a Republican president. The historical record reveals the overwhelming size of established domestic spending obligations, substantially increasing federal tax collections during much of Bush's presidency, war appropriations considerably smaller than the total debt increase, Medicare prescription-drug expenditures below initial projections, and financial stabilization legislation enacted after the relevant fiscal accounting period ended. Our latest Soldiers to Statesmen Foundation assessment confronts these claims using primary documentation from the White House Office of Management and Budget, Congressional Budget Office, Congressional Research Service, Government Accountability Office, and United States Treasury, demanding that partisan accusations answer to the actual numbers rather than selectively constructed political narratives. ESTABLISHING THE ACTUAL FEDERAL DEBT INCREASE, 2001–2008 According to OMB historical records, gross federal debt increased from approximately $5.770 trillion in fiscal year 2001 to $9.986 trillion in fiscal year 2008—a $4.216 trillion increase, while debt held by the public increased by approximately $2.483 trillion. Any intellectually serious assessment must distinguish these two debt measures and account for the entire federal budget rather than selectively assigning the increase to whichever Bush administration policies partisan critics find politically objectionable. THE WAR ON TERRORISM DID NOT DOMINATE FEDERAL SPENDING Between fiscal years 2001 and 2008, national defense represented approximately 16.4%–20.7% of federal outlays, while human-resources programs—including Social Security, Medicare, health programs, income security, education, and veterans' benefits—accounted for approximately 63.0%–65.6%. By fiscal year 2008, annual human-resources expenditures reached approximately $1.896 trillion compared with $616.1 billion for national defense, demonstrating why explanations of federal spending growth that concentrate overwhelmingly on military expenditure omit the largest component of the federal budget.